Cervical cancer

Cervical cancer develops from abnormal cells in the cervix, usually after a long-term infection with a high-risk type of human papillomavirus (HPV). Development often takes years. Vaccination and screening can prevent many cases or detect them early.

• HPV is very common and usually clears on its own. An HPV infection does not mean you have cancer.
• Bleeding after sex, between periods or after menopause must always be assessed.
• Watery, bloody or markedly changed discharge and persistent pelvic or lower back pain also need investigation.
• Early abnormalities often cause no symptoms. Screening therefore remains important when you are invited under the local programme.
• An abnormal screening test is not yet a cancer diagnosis. Colposcopy and sometimes a biopsy provide more information.
• Treatment depends on the stage, tumour size and location, lymph nodes, general health and any wish to have children.
• Cervical cancer found early is often very treatable. More extensive disease usually requires a combination of treatments.
• Do not wait for your next screening if you have symptoms; screening is intended for people without symptoms.